Is catastrophising associated with pain perception in early phase of orthodontic treatment? A cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the association between pain perception and catastrophising at the beginning of orthodontic treatment; and the association between pain during orthodontic treatment and demographic, clinical and other psychological factors. METHODS: A cohort study with 44 patients (28.9 ± 15.05 years old; 25 females and 19 males) under orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances had their pain perception evaluated through a visual analogue scale at baseline (before activation), 6 h, 24 h, 2nd day, 3rd day, 5th day and 7th day after activation. The scores at each evaluation period after the first (T1), second (T2) and third (T3) appointments were compared by analysis of variance. A multivariate Poisson regression analysis verified the association between pain perception and Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS); and demographic (age, gender), clinical (tooth crowding, tooth loss, analgesic intake and archwire characteristics) and other psychological (dental anxiety and previous negative dental experiences) independent variables (p < .05). RESULTS: Catastrophising (RR = 1.03, 95%CI 1.01-1.05, p = .0001) showed a weak risk of pain perception at T1. The peak of pain occurred 24 h after activation at T1, T2 and T3. Significant higher scores were observed at T1 in comparison to T2 (FT1,T2  = 11.82, p = .005) and T3 (FT1,T3  = 5.09, p = .03). Wire diameter, tooth crowding and single-arch treatment were found as risk factors for pain. Patients without tooth loss had half of the risk of pain perception, while analgesics intake and older patients were also found with a weak protective association. Dental anxiety and negative dental experience were not associated with pain perception. CONCLUSION: Catastrophising has a mild influence on pain perception and only after the first orthodontic activation. Patients with tooth losses, tooth crowding and using thicker archwires are more likely to report pain after orthodontic activations.

Prognosis for the impacted lower third molars: Panoramic reconstruction versus tomographic images.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this cross-sectional accuracy study was to compare panoramic reconstruction (PR) and multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) images, which are used to establish the prognosis for impacted mandibular third molars in relation to professional decision making. STUDY DESIGN: Images of 10 patients who had undergone cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination were selected, resulting in 2 distinct groups of images, with 10 in each group: PR and MPR. To check prognostic accuracy, 2 images from each group were randomly selected and reinserted into the sample, totaling 24 images. A questionnaire was completed by 54 professionals: 27 orthodontists and 27 oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs). Data were evaluated by using the χ2 and McNemar's tests and Kappa statistics at P < .05. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences when isolated PR images were compared with MPR images by orthodontists (P = .72) or OMFSs (P = .45). However, there were significant differences in the professional decision regarding the prognosis for impacted teeth, where OMFSs indicated the need for more extractions compared with orthodontists (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: There are no differences between PR and multiplanar CBCT images with regard to the determination of the prognosis for impacted mandibular third molars. However, there was a difference in the decision making between the different specialties.

Multidisciplinary aesthetic rehabilitation: case report

Objective: This work aims to report a clinical case that performed the aesthetic rehabilitation of a patient through the integration of different dental specialties (Orthodontics, Periodontics and Dentistry). Case Report: An 18-year-old female patient received compensatory orthodontic treatment for correction of class II malocclusion, overbite and overjet, and interproximal diastema. After orthodontictreatment, a gingivoplasty was performed to remove excess gingival tissue and increase the crown of the teeth, and a frenectomy for the anomalous labial frenulum removal. After periodontal treatment the in-office bleaching was conducted, and the diastema was closed with microhybrid composite resins. Conclusion: It was concluded that multiprofessional planning made possible the aesthetic / functional rehabilitation of the patient.

Objetivo: Este trabalho visa relatar um caso clínico que realizou a reabilitação estética de um paciente por meio da integração de diferentes especialidades odontológicas (Ortodontia, Periodontia e Dentística). Relato do Caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, com 18 anos, recebeu tratamento ortodôntico compensatório para correção de má-oclusão classe II, overbite e overjet acentuados, e diastemas interproximais. Após tratamento ortodôntico, foi realizada uma gengivoplastia para a remoção do excesso de tecido gengival e aumento da coroa dos dentes, e uma frenectomia para a remoção do freio labial anômalo. Após o tratamento periodontal, foi realizado um clareamento dentário de consultório, e o fechamento dos diastemas anterosuperiores e o recontorno da cosméticados dentes com resinas compostas microhíbridas. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o planejamento integrado multiprofissional possibilitou o êxito da reabilitação estética/funcional do paciente.

Profile of orthodontic education in brazilian undergraduate dentistry courses / Perfil do ensino de ortodontia nos cursos de graduação em odontologia no Brasil

New paradigms of Brazilian dental education involve orthodontics in the context of generalist professional formation, encouraging the recognition of teaching reality of this discipline in undergraduate courses in dentistry. This article discusses the orthodontics discipline in Brazilian dentistry undergraduate courses to identify the number of semesters offered, nomenclature, insertion model, content format and the performance of clinical practice in undergraduate education and its association with characterization variables of the discipline. Electronic questionnaires were sent to 203 dental schools, 55 public and 148 private, registered to the Federal Council of Dentistry in 2013. The questionnaires were answered by 92 teachers of orthodontics, representing 45.3% of the existing dental undergraduate courses in Brazil: 55.4% of which from private and 44.6% public schools. The findings of this research show that orthodontics teaching is present in all undergraduate courses analyzed, is a predominant and integrated subject in pediatric dentistry, addresses the contents in theoretical and practical form both in the laboratory and clinic, and assists children with deciduous and mixed dentition for diagnosis, prevention and interception of malocclusions. Egressed students are able to recognize orthodontic problems and direct these young patients to treatment. The presence of clinical practice was associated with the variables that denote greater investments of higher education institutions in professors, academic credentials and curricular matrix due to the integrality of the contents and course load distribution for the discipline.

Os novos paradigmas da educação Odontológica no Brasil envolvem a Ortodontia no contexto de formação do profissional generalista, instigando o reconhecimento da realidade educacional desta disciplina nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia. Este artigo aborda a situação do ensino da disciplina de Ortodontia nos cursos de graduação em Odontologia do Brasil, buscando identificar a quantidade de semestres de oferta, nomenclatura, modelo de inserção, formatação dos conteúdos, além da atuação no cenário das práticas clínicas de ensino de graduação e sua associação com as variáveis de caracterização da disciplina. Foram enviados questionários eletrônicos às 203 Faculdades de Odontologia sendo 55 públicas e 148 privadas registradas no Conselho Federal de Odontologia em 2013. Os questionários foram respondidos por 92 professores de Ortodontia, representando 45,3% dos cursos de graduação de Odontologia existentes no Brasil, sendo 55,4% particulares e 44,6% públicas. O ensino de Ortodontia está presente em todos os cursos de graduação analisados, inserido predominantemente como disciplina integrada à Odontologia infantil, abordando os conteúdos de forma teórico prática, tanto em laboratório quanto em clínica, assistindo crianças na dentadura decídua e mista para diagnóstico, prevenção e interceptação das más oclusões, formando egressos aptos a reconhecer os problemas de Ortodontia e encaminhá-los para tratamento. A presença de prática clínica mostrou-se associada às variáveis que denotam maior investimento da instituição de ensino superior no corpo docente e sua titulação e na matriz curricular, pela integralidade dos conteúdos e distribuição de carga horária para a disciplina.

Factors influencing orthodontic treatment time for non-surgical Class III malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE:: To identify variables and their effect size on orthodontic treatment time of Class III malocclusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS:: Forty-five Class III malocclusion cases were selected from 2008 patients' records. Clinical charts, cephalometric radiographs, and pre and posttreatment dental casts were evaluated. Age, sex, PAR index at T1 and T2, overjet, missing teeth, extractions, number of treatment phases, missed appointments, appliance breakages, and cephalometric variables SNA, SNB, ANB, Wits, SnGoGn, CoA, CoGn, IMPA, 1.PP were investigated by multiple linear regression analysis and stepwise method at p<0.05. The sample was also divided into two groups: Group 0-2 (patients who had missed two clinical appointments or less) and Group >2 (patients who missed more than 2 appointments), to detect the influence of this data on treatment time and the quality of the treatment (PAR T2). RESULTS:: Average treatment time was 30.27 months. Multiple regression analysis showed that missed appointment (R2=0.4345) and appliance breakages (R2=0.0596) are the only variables able to significantly predict treatment duration. Treatment time for patients who missed more than 2 appointments was nearly one year longer. However, no significant influence on PAR T2 was observed for those patients. CONCLUSION:: Orthodontic treatment duration in Class III patients is mainly influenced by factors related to patient compliance. Patients who missed more appointments did not show worse orthodontic finishing, but longer treatment. No occlusal, cephalometric, or demographic variable obtained before treatment was able to give some significant prediction about treatment time in Class III patients.

Factors influencing orthodontic treatment time for non-surgical Class III malocclusion

ABSTRACT To improve orthodontic treatment efficiency, orthodontists must know which variables could interfere with orthodontic treatment time. Objective: To identify variables and their effect size on orthodontic treatment time of Class III malocclusion. Material and Methods: Forty-five Class III malocclusion cases were selected from 2008 patients’ records. Clinical charts, cephalometric radiographs, and pre and posttreatment dental casts were evaluated. Age, sex, PAR index at T1 and T2, overjet, missing teeth, extractions, number of treatment phases, missed appointments, appliance breakages, and cephalometric variables SNA, SNB, ANB, Wits, SnGoGn, CoA, CoGn, IMPA, 1.PP were investigated by multiple linear regression analysis and stepwise method at p<0.05. The sample was also divided into two groups: Group 0-2 (patients who had missed two clinical appointments or less) and Group >2 (patients who missed more than 2 appointments), to detect the influence of this data on treatment time and the quality of the treatment (PAR T2). Results: Average treatment time was 30.27 months. Multiple regression analysis showed that missed appointment (R2=0.4345) and appliance breakages (R2=0.0596) are the only variables able to significantly predict treatment duration. Treatment time for patients who missed more than 2 appointments was nearly one year longer. However, no significant influence on PAR T2 was observed for those patients. Conclusion: Orthodontic treatment duration in Class III patients is mainly influenced by factors related to patient compliance. Patients who missed more appointments did not show worse orthodontic finishing, but longer treatment. No occlusal, cephalometric, or demographic variable obtained before treatment was able to give some significant prediction about treatment time in Class III patients.

Knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women about oral health / Conocimientos y actitudes de las mujeres embarazadas sobre la salud oral

There are evidences that maternal profile, habits and health knowledge, influence in the oral health of children. The aim of this study was to assess pregnant women knowledge on oral hygiene practices and maintenance of Baby´s oral cavity. A descriptive epidemiological survey was conducted with 147 pregnant women. Sample was predominantly formed by young women and 33.33 % had incomplete primary education and most were housewives with family income between 1-2 minimum wages. Family was considered the primary means in the transfer of information about oral hygiene.

Hay evidencia de que los perfiles, hábitos y conocimientos de la salud influyen en la salud oral de los niños. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el conocimiento de las mujeres embarazadas en las prácticas de higiene oral y el cuidado de la cavidad oral del bebé. Una encuesta epidemiológica se llevó a cabo en 147 mujeres embarazadas. La muestra estuvo compuesta predominantemente por mujeres jóvenes, de las cuales el 33,33 % no había completado la escuela primaria y la mayoría eran amas de casa con ingresos familiares entre 1-2 salarios mínimos. La familia fue considerado el principal medio de transmisión de información sobre la higiene oral.

Deflection test evaluation of different lots of the same nickel-titanium wire commercial brand.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the elastic properties of the load-deflection ratio of orthodontic wires of different lot numbers and the same commercial brand. METHODS: A total of 40 nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire segments (Morelli Ortodontia™--Sorocaba, SP, Brazil), 0.016-in in diameter were used. Groups were sorted according to lot numbers (lots 1, 2, 3 and 4). 28-mm length segments from the straight portion (ends) of archwires were used. Deflection tests were performed in an EMIC universal testing machine with 5-N load cell at 1 mm/minute speed. Force at deactivation was recorded at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mm deflection. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences between group means. RESULTS: When comparing the force of groups at the same deflection (3, 2 and 1 mm), during deactivation, no statistical differences were found. CONCLUSION: There are no changes in the elastic properties of different lots of the same commercial brand; thus, the use of different lots of the orthodontic wires used in this research does not compromise the final outcomes of the load-deflection ratio.

Deflection test evaluation of different lots of the same nickel-titanium wire commercial brand

Introduction: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the elastic properties of the load-deflection ratio of orthodontic wires of different lot numbers and the same commercial brand. Methods: A total of 40 nickel-titanium (NiTi) wire segments (Morelli OrtodontiaTM - Sorocaba, SP, Brazil), 0.016-in in diameter were used. Groups were sorted according to lot numbers (lots 1, 2, 3 and 4). 28-mm length segments from the straight portion (ends) of archwires were used. Deflection tests were performed in an EMIC universal testing machine with 5-N load cell at 1 mm/minute speed. Force at deactivation was recorded at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 mm deflection. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare differences between group means. Results: When comparing the force of groups at the same deflection (3, 2 and 1 mm), during deactivation, no statistical differences were found. Conclusion: There are no changes in the elastic properties of different lots of the same commercial brand; thus, the use of different lots of the orthodontic wires used in this research does not compromise the final outcomes of the load-deflection ratio.

Introdução: o objetivo deste estudo experimental in vitro foi comparar a as propriedades elásticas da relação carga/deflexão para fios de diferentes lotes de uma mesma marca comercial. Métodos: foram selecionados quarenta segmentos de arcos de níquel-titânio superelástico (NiTi) (Morelli Ortodontia, Sorocaba/SP, Brasil), com diâmetro de 0,016". Os grupos foram ordenados de acordo com os lotes (lotes 1, 2, 3 e 4). Foram utilizados segmentos com 28mm de comprimento da parte reta (extremidades) dos arcos pré-contornados. Os testes de deflexão foram realizados em uma máquina universal de ensaios EMIC, com célula de carga de 5N e velocidade de 1mm/minuto. A força durante a desativação foi registrada nas deflexões de 0,5; 1; 2 e 3mm. O teste de Análise da Variância (ANOVA) foi utilizado para comparar diferenças entre as médias dos grupos. Resultados: na comparação de força dos lotes em um mesmo ponto de deflexão (3, 2 e 1mm), durante a desativação, não houve diferenças estatísticas. Conclusões: não ocorre alteração nas propriedades elásticas em diferentes lotes da mesma marca. Assim, o uso de diferentes lotes dos fios ortodônticos utilizados nesta pesquisa não comprometeu o resultado final da relação carga/deflexão.

Avaliação dos índices DAI e IOTN como Indicadores de complexidade e necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico / Assessment of DAI and IOTN indexes as indicators of orthodontic treatment complexity and need

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a complexidade e necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico através dos Índices DAI e IOTN (DHC) e avaliar as características da oclusão que apresentam relação estatística significativa com os índices, buscando inferir qual índice apresenta-se como a melhor ferramenta para a seleção de pacientes visando à assistência ortodôntica em saúde coletiva. A amostra deste estudo foi composta de 80 modelos de estudo de pacientes que buscaram tratamento ortodôntico. Foram utilizados protocolos internacionalmente reconhecidos para determinação dos índices e um examinador, devidamente calibrado, mediu os modelos segundo os critérios. Os resultados mostraram que mais de 50% dos casos necessitam de tratamento ortodôntico obrigatório de acordo com os índices. As características oclusais mais prevalentes nesta pesquisa foram: apinhamento anterior (47,5%), apinhamento maxilar (<2mm/51,25%), espaçamento segmento anterior (25%) e diastema mediano (<2mm/62,5%) no índice DAI; overjetmaxilar (< 4mm/31,25%) e overjetmandibular estavam presentes (38,75%) no índice IOTN (DHC). De acordo com os critérios avaliados pode-se concluir que os índices avaliados selecionam pacientes indicados para o tratamento ortodôntico com base nos critérios a que se propõem. O DAI é um indicador de necessidade de tratamento que toma como base características estéticas da dentição humana, enquanto o IOTN é um indicador associado às características potencialmente nocivas ao sistema estomatognático. Considerando a perspectiva de seleção de pacientes para tratamento ortodôntico em saúde pública, o IOTN apresenta-se como a ferramenta mais viável, pois seleciona pacientes com condições oclusais mais graves, as quais prioritariamente deveriam ser tratadas...

The aim of this study was to determine the complexity and orthodontic treatment need through DAI and IOTN (DHC) Indexes and testocclusion characteristics that show a significant relationship according to indexes, seeking to infer which of these indexes represented the best tool of patient selection for orthodontic care in public health. The sample of this study was composed of 80 study models of patients, who sought orthodontic treatment. To collect data internationally recognized protocols were used to determine the indexes and an examiner, calibrated for both indexes, measured the models according to the criteria. Results showed that over 50% of cases require orthodontic treatment according to the indexes. The most prevalent occlusal characteristics in this study were anterior crowding (47.5%), mandibular crowding (< 2mm / 51.25% ), anterior segment spacing ( 25%) and midline diastema (<2mm / 62.5 %) in DAI index; maxillary overjet (<4mm/ 31.25% ) and mandibular overjet were present(38.75% ) in IOTN index(DHC). According to the criteria assessed, it is concluded that the indexes assessed select patients referred for orthodontic treatment based on the criteria they propose. DAI is an indicator of treatment need that takes as its basishuman dentition aesthetic characteristics, while IOTN is an indicator associated with potentially harmful characteristics to the stomatognathic system. Considering the patient selection perspective for orthodontic treatment in public health, IOTN presents itself as the most viable tool for selecting patients with more severe occlusal conditions, which should be primarily treated...

Percepções de estudantes de graduação em Odontologia sobre o Sistema de Saúde Brasileiro / Undergraduate Dental students' perceptions regarding the Brazilian Health System

A políticas de saúde bucal prévias à implantação do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) eram consideradas excludentes e direcionadas para práticas curativas, onde os indicadores mostravam pouca contribuição na melhoria da saúde bucal. A instituição do SUS possibilitou o direcionamento da saúde pública brasileira para ações preventivas, humanizadas e integradas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil do estudante de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) conforme os interesses profissionais e a atuação no SUS. Foi utilizada uma abordagem indutiva, com procedimento estatístico-comparativo e técnica de observação direta extensiva por meio de questionário. A partir do universo amostral de 478 alunos matriculados do 1º ao 10º semestre, extraiu-se uma amostra de 240 alunos (nível de confiança de 95%). Constatou-se que para 93,8% dos alunos, a construção do SUS é dependente da união dos usuários, governo e profissionais interessados na oferta de melhores serviços. Os mesmos afirmam que a formação em Odontologia na UFPA é direcionada para o trabalho no SUS e que a formação em ciências humanas é importante para o exercício profissional. As disciplinas abordadas e atividades práticas desenvolvidas foram consideradas insuficientes para o exercício profissional (AU).

Oral health policies prior to implementation of the Unified Health System (SUS), were considered mutually exclusive and directed to healing practices. Indicators showed little contribution to the improvement of oral health. The SUS institution allowed the direction of Brazilian public health to preventive, humane and integrated actions. The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of the dental student of the Federal University of Pará according with the professional interests and the performance in the SUS. We used an inductive approach with procedure statistical-comparative and extensive direct technique observation through a questionnaire. From the sample universe of 478 students enrolled of 1st to 10th semester, extracted a sample of 240 students (confidence level 95%). It was found that for 93.8% the SUS construction dependent of the union of users, government and professionals interested in offering best services. The students say that training in dentistry at is directed to the work in the SUS and the human sciences are important for professional practice. The subjects addressed and practical activities developed were considered insufficient for professional practice (AU).

Does the bracket composition material influence initial biofilm formation?

CONTEXT: Orthodontic treatment has been reported to contribute to the development and accumulation of dental biofilm, which is commonly found on bracket and adjacent surfaces. AIMS: The aim of this work is to test the hypothesis if there are differences in dental biofilm formation on the surface of orthodontic brackets according to the type of composition material. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Three bracket types (metallic, composite, and ceramic) had been evaluated. Subjects wore acrylic palatal orthodontic appliances, containing 6 brackets each, for two 3-day cycles. On the end of first cycle, the amount of dental biofilm formed on the samples was extracted using 1.0-M NaOH and analyzed by spectrophotometry for quantification. An additional cycle was carried out to verify the dental biofilm formation using scanning electronic microscope analysis. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Three-way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference among the materials (metallic, ceramic and composite) concerning the dental biofilm absorbance spectrum. Multiple comparisons were made using the Tukey's test (α =0.05). RESULTS: Composite brackets showed greater values concerning biofilm formation, when compared with the metallic and ceramic ones, both of which presented similar scores. The hypothesis is accepted. There are differences on the biofilm formation according to the type of material. CONCLUSIONS: The in situ model tested was found to be effective in evaluating the accumulation and development of biofilm on orthodontic brackets. In the quantitative analysis, composite brackets showed greater biofilm adhesion values while metallic and ceramic presented similar biofilm absorbance spectrum.

Práticas de Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva na Estratégia Saúde da Família / Collective Health Dental Practices in the Family Health Strategy

A Estratégia Saúde da Família no Brasil tem o objetivo de priorizar ações de promoção e proteção à saúde dos indivíduos e da família no âmbito da coletividade e é fundamentada na reorientação e reformulação do processo de trabalho no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde. Esta estratégia de expansão, qualificação e consolidação da atenção básica é centrada na vigilância à saúde por meio de ações de promoção e recuperação, baseando-se na nova concepção sobre o processo saúde-doença, com atenção voltada para a família e com ações organizadas em território definido. A odontologia insere-se, também, no âmbito da promoção de saúde, de forma que as atividades desenvolvidas pelos profissionais da área não estão adstritas apenas aos tratamentos curativos dos agravos bucais. Este relato de experiência objetiva refletir práticas no sistema de saúde vivenciadas por alunos de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Pará. O contato com a realidade local tornou os sujeitos mais sensíveis e críticos na sua atuação no Sistema Único de Saúde, além de oportunizar o trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar e consolidar conceitos teóricos da atenção básica em saúde vivenciados na graduação (AU).

The Family Health Strategy (FHS ­ Estratégia Saúde da Família/ESF) in Brazil aims to prioritize promotion and protection of the health of individuals and families within the community. It is based on the reorientation and reformulation of the work process in the context of the Single Health System (SHS). The expansion strategy, qualifications and primary care consolidation are centered on health care through promotion and recovery actions, based on the new conception of the healthdisease process, with attention focused on family and organized actions in territory defined. In this field, dentistry is inserted also in health promotion, so that the activities developed by professionals are not restrict only to the curative treatment of dental caries. This experience report aims to reflect about practices in health care experienced by dental students at Federal University of Pará. The contact with the local reality became the most sensitive and critical subject in its operations in the National Health System, as well as provide the opportunity for multidisciplinary work and consolidate theoretical concepts of primary health care team experienced on graduatio (AU).

Does the time interval after bleaching influence the adhesion of orthodontic brackets?

OBJECTIVE: To test the null hypothesis that no difference exists between the effects of at-home bleaching and in-office bleaching on shear bond strength (SBS) with bracket bonding at 4 different time intervals after dental bleaching. METHODS: Ninety extracted human premolars were randomly divided into 9 groups (n = 10) according to the bleaching methods used (at-home bleaching and in-office bleaching) and the storage time in artificial saliva (30 min, 1 day, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks before bonding). The control group was stored in artificial saliva for 7 days. Brackets were bonded with the Transbond XT adhesive system, and SBS testing was performed. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was used to assess the amount of resin remaining on the enamel surfaces after debonding. The SBS data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test. For the ARI, the Kruskal-Wallis test was performed. Significance for all statistical tests was predetermined to be p < 0.05. RESULTS: The SBS of the unbleached group was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the bleached groups (except for the group bonded 30 min after at-home bleaching). CONCLUSIONS: The null hypothesis was not totally rejected. All bleaching groups tested had decreased SBS of the brackets to the enamel, except for the group bonded 30 min after at-home bleaching. The SBS returned to values close to those of the unbleached enamel within 3 weeks following bleaching.

In vitro analysis of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index comparing light curing and self-curing composites.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in vitro, the shear bond strength of self-curing (ConciseTM - 3M and Alpha Plast - DFL) and light-curing composites (TransbondTM XT - 3M and Natural Ortho - DFL) used in orthodontics bonding, associated to Morelli metal brackets, with further analysis of adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel condition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Forty human premolars, just extracted and stored in physiologic solution 0.9 % were used. Randomly, these samples were divided in four groups: G1 group, the brackets were bonded with ConciseTM - 3M composite; in G2 group, Alpha Plast - DFL composite was used; in G3 group, TransbondTM XT - 3M was used; in G4 group, Natural Ortho - DFL composite was used. These groups were submitted to shear strength tests in universal testing machine, at 0.5 mm per minute speed. RESULTS: Statistical difference between G3 and G4 groups was recorded, as G4 showing higher strength resistance than G3. In the other hand, there were no statistical differences between G1, G2 and G3 and G1, G2 and G4 groups. ARI analysis showed that there was no statistical difference between the groups, and low scores were recorded among then. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the debonding spots and the enamel surface integrity. CONCLUSIONS: Shear bond strength was satisfactory and similar between the composites, however Natural Ortho - DFL revealed best comparing to TransbondTM XT - 3M.

Coesão familiar associada à saúde bucal, fatores socioeconômicos / Family cohesion associated with oral health, socioeconomic factors

Pesquisas sobre saúde geral têm relacionado coesão familiar a fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre coesão familiar e fatores socioeconômicos, comportamentais e de saúde bucal. Este foi um estudo transversal com amostra por conglomerados em dois estágios. A amostra randomizada de 524 adolescentes era proveniente de escolas públicas da cidade de Piracicaba-SP. As variáveis foram avaliadas por questionários autoaplicáveis e os dados de saúde bucal, pelos índices CPO e CPI. A coesão familiar percebida pelo adolescente foi avaliada por meio da escala de adaptabilidade e coesão familiar. Análise univariada e regressão logística multinominal mostraram que adolescentes com baixa coesão familiar apresentaram mais chance de terem baixa renda (OR 2,28 IC95% 1,14-4,55), presença de cárie (OR 2,23 IC95% 1,21-4,09) e baixa frequência de escovação diária (OR 1,91 IC95% 1,03-3,54). Adolescentes com alta coesão familiar apresentaram mais chance que adolescentes com média coesão de terem alta renda e fator de proteção contra o hábito de tabagismo. Desta forma, a coesão familiar percebida pelo adolescente associou-se com variáveis comportamentais, socioeconômicas e de saúde bucal, indicando a importância de uma abordagem integral da saúde do paciente.

Overall health surveys have related family cohesion to socio-economic status and behavioral factors. The scope of this study was to investigate the association between family cohesion and socio-economic, behavioral and oral health factors. This was a, cross-sectional study with two-stage cluster sampling. The random sample consisted of 524 adolescents attending public schools in the city of Piracicaba-SP. Variables were evaluated by self-applied questionnaires and caries and periodontal disease were assessed by DMF-T and CPI indices. The adolescent's perception of family cohesion was assessed using the family adaptability and cohesion scale. Univariate and multinomial logistic regression shows that adolescents with low family cohesion were more likely than those with medium family cohesion to have low income (OR 2,28 95% CI 1,14- 4,55), presence of caries (OR 2,23 95% CI 1,21-4,09), less than two daily brushings (OR 1,91 95% CI 1,03-3,54). Adolescents with high family cohesion were more likely than those with medium family cohesion to have high income and protective behavior against the habit of smoking. Thus, the data shows that adolescent perception of family cohesion was associated with behavioral, socio-economic and oral health variables, indicating the importance of an integral approach to patient health.

Evaluation of ionic degradation and slot corrosion of metallic brackets by the action of different dentifrices.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro ionic degradation and slot base corrosion of metallic brackets subjected to brushing with dentifrices, through analysis of chemical composition by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and qualitative analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Thirty eight brackets were selected and randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 7). Two groups (n = 5) worked as positive and negative controls. Simulated orthodontic braces were assembled using 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel wires and elastomeric rings. The groups were divided according to surface treatment: G1 (Máxima Proteção Anticáries®); G2 (Total 12®); G3 (Sensitive®); G4 (Branqueador®); Positive control (artificial saliva) and Negative control (no treatment). Twenty eight brushing cycles were performed and evaluations were made before (T0) and after (T1) experiment. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test showed no difference in ionic concentrations of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) between groups. G2 presented significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the concentration of aluminium ion (Al). Groups G3 and G4 presented significant increase (p < 0.05) in the concentration of aluminium ion. The SEM analysis showed increased characteristics indicative of corrosion on groups G2, G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: The EDS analysis revealed that control groups and G1 did not suffer alterations on the chemical composition. G2 presented degradation in the amount of Al ion. G3 and G4 suffered increase in the concentration of Al. The immersion in artificial saliva and the dentifrice Máxima Proteção Anticáries® did not alter the surface polishing. The dentifrices Total 12®, Sensitive® and Branqueador® altered the surface polishing.

[Family cohesion associated with oral health, socioeconomic factors and health behavior]. / Coesão familiar associada à saúde bucal, fatores socioeconômicos e comportamentos em saúde.

Overall health surveys have related family cohesion to socio-economic status and behavioral factors. The scope of this study was to investigate the association between family cohesion and socio-economic, behavioral and oral health factors. This was a, cross-sectional study with two-stage cluster sampling. The random sample consisted of 524 adolescents attending public schools in the city of Piracicaba-SP. Variables were evaluated by self-applied questionnaires and caries and periodontal disease were assessed by DMF-T and CPI indices. The adolescent's perception of family cohesion was assessed using the family adaptability and cohesion scale. Univariate and multinomial logistic regression shows that adolescents with low family cohesion were more likely than those with medium family cohesion to have low income (OR 2,28 95% CI 1,14- 4,55), presence of caries (OR 2,23 95% CI 1,21-4,09), less than two daily brushings (OR 1,91 95% CI 1,03-3,54). Adolescents with high family cohesion were more likely than those with medium family cohesion to have high income and protective behavior against the habit of smoking. Thus, the data shows that adolescent perception of family cohesion was associated with behavioral, socio-economic and oral health variables, indicating the importance of an integral approach to patient health.

In vitro analysis of shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index comparing light curing and self-curing composites

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, in vitro, the shear bond strength of self-curing (ConciseTM - 3M and Alpha Plast - DFL) and light-curing composites (TransbondTM XT - 3M and Natural Ortho - DFL) used in orthodontics bonding, associated to Morelli metal brackets, with further analysis of adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel condition in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Forty human premolars, just extracted and stored in physiologic solution 0.9 % were used. Randomly, these samples were divided in four groups: G1 group, the brackets were bonded with ConciseTM - 3M composite; in G2 group, Alpha Plast - DFL composite was used; in G3 group, TransbondTM XT - 3M was used; in G4 group, Natural Ortho - DFL composite was used. These groups were submitted to shear strength tests in universal testing machine, at 0.5 mm per minute speed. RESULTS: Statistical difference between G3 and G4 groups was recorded, as G4 showing higher strength resistance than G3. In the other hand, there were no statistical differences between G1, G2 and G3 and G1, G2 and G4 groups. ARI analysis showed that there was no statistical difference between the groups, and low scores were recorded among then. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the debonding spots and the enamel surface integrity. CONCLUSIONS: Shear bond strength was satisfactory and similar between the composites, however Natural Ortho - DFL revealed best comparing to TransbondTM XT - 3M.

OBJETIVO: avaliar in vitro a resistência ao cisalhamento de compósitos autopolimerizáveis (Concise e Alpha Plast) e fotopolimerizáveis (Transbond XT e Natural Ortho) utilizados na colagem de braquetes metálicos da marca Morelli, analisando o índice de adesivo remanescente (ARI) e da integridade da superfície do esmalte por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 40 pré-molares humanos extraídos. As raízes dos dentes foram incluídas em gesso-pedra especial, no interior de tubos de PVC usados para a confecção dos corpos de prova. Esses corpos de prova foram divididos em quatro grupos: grupo G1, braquetes associados ao compósito Concise; grupo G2, braquetes associados ao compósito Alpha Plast; grupo G3, braquetes associados ao compósito Transbond XT; e grupo G4, braquetes associados ao compósito Natural Ortho. Os grupos foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento em máquina universal de ensaios, a uma velocidade de 0,5mm por minuto. RESULTADOS: houve diferença estatística entre os grupos G3 e G4, sendo os valores de G4 superiores; no entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos G1, G2 e G3 e G1, G2 e G4. Na análise do ARI não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas entre os grupos, predominando escores baixos. De acordo com a análise da MEV, constatou-se o rompimento dos compósitos e a integridade do esmalte entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: a resistência ao cisalhamento foi satisfatória e semelhante entre os compósitos utilizados, sendo que a resina Natural Ortho apresentou-se superior à Transbond XT.

Evaluation of ionic degradation and slot corrosion of metallic brackets by the action of different dentifrices

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vitro ionic degradation and slot base corrosion of metallic brackets subjected to brushing with dentifrices, through analysis of chemical composition by Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and qualitative analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). METHODS: Thirty eight brackets were selected and randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 7). Two groups (n = 5) worked as positive and negative controls. Simulated orthodontic braces were assembled using 0.019 x 0.025-in stainless steel wires and elastomeric rings. The groups were divided according to surface treatment: G1 (Máxima Proteção Anticáries®); G2 (Total 12®); G3 (Sensitive®); G4 (Branqueador®); Positive control (artificial saliva) and Negative control (no treatment). Twenty eight brushing cycles were performed and evaluations were made before (T0) and after (T1) experiment. RESULTS: The Wilcoxon test showed no difference in ionic concentrations of titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) between groups. G2 presented significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the concentration of aluminium ion (Al). Groups G3 and G4 presented significant increase (p < 0.05) in the concentration of aluminium ion. The SEM analysis showed increased characteristics indicative of corrosion on groups G2, G3 and G4. CONCLUSION: The EDS analysis revealed that control groups and G1 did not suffer alterations on the chemical composition. G2 presented degradation in the amount of Al ion. G3 and G4 suffered increase in the concentration of Al. The immersion in artificial saliva and the dentifrice Máxima Proteção Anticáries® did not alter the surface polishing. The dentifrices Total 12®, Sensitive® and Branqueador® altered the surface polishing.

OBJETIVO: avaliar in vitro a degradação iônica e corrosão do fundo do slot de braquetes metálicos submetidos à escovação com dentifrícios, realizando análises da composição química por Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS) e qualitativa por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). MÉTODOS: foram selecionados 38 braquetes divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos experimentais (n = 7). Dois grupos (n = 5) funcionaram como controles positivo e negativo. Aparelhos ortodônticos simulados foram confeccionados com fios de aço inoxidável 0,019" x 0,025" e anéis elastoméricos. Os grupos foram divididos de acordo com o tratamento de superfície: G1 (Máxima Proteção Anticáries®); G2 (Total 12®); G3 (Sensitive®); G4 (Branqueador®); Controle Positivo (saliva artificial) e Controle Negativo (sem tratamento). Foram realizados 28 ciclos de escovação e avaliações antes (T0) e após (T1) o experimento. RESULTADOS: o teste de Wilcoxon indicou não existir diferença nas concentrações iônicas de titânio (Ti), cromo (Cr), ferro (Fe) e níquel (Ni) entre os grupos. O grupo G2 apresentou redução significativa (p < 0,05) na concentração do íon alumínio (Al) e os grupos G3 e G4 apresentaram aumento significativo (p < 0,05) nas concentrações do íon alumínio. A análise em MEV mostrou aumento nas características indicativas de corrosão dos grupos G2, G3 e G4. CONCLUSÃO: a análise por EDS revelou que os grupos controle e G1 não sofreram alterações na composição química. O grupo G2 apresentou degradação na quantidade de íons Al, e G3 e G4 sofreram aumento na concentração de Al. A imersão em saliva artificial e o dentifrício Máxima Proteção Anticáries® não alteraram o polimento de superfície. Os dentifrícios Total 12®, Sensitive® e Branqueador® alteraram o polimento de superfície.